Friday, April 13, 2012
VOCABULARY FOR 2ND SEMISTER END EXAMINATON
Unit: 4
1. Admirable:
Syn: appreciate, approve, praise, respect, venerate
Ant: hateful, dislike, detest, sentence: an officer of very high rank in the navy
Sentence: I really admire people who can work in such difficult conditions.
2. Extensive:
Syn: broad, expanded, sweeping, vast, wide
Ant: confined, narrow, restricted
Sentence: a school with extensive grounds
3. Marine:
Syn: acquatic, hydrographic, maritime, naval, ocean, natatorial, pelagic, seagoing
Ant: terrestrial, goedetic, earthly, ashore, alluvial
sentence: The oil slick seriously threatens marine life around the islands. 4. Priority:
Syn: main-concern, right of way
Sentence: My first/top priority is to find somewhere to live.
5. Stockpile:
Syn: supply, store, hoard
Sentence: They have a stockpile of weapons and ammunition that will last several months.
6. Disruption:
Syn: trouble, interruption, disturbance
Sentence: The accident on the main road through town is causing widespread disruption for motorists.
7. Flee:
Syn: escape, fly
Ant: stand your ground
Sentence: In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
8. Measure:
syn:criterion,gauge,law,principle,proof,rule,scale,standard,test,touchstone,capacity,degree,share,proposal
Sentence: This machine measures your heart rate.
9. Refuge:
Syn: fortress, hideway, protection, sanctuary, shelter, retreat, haven
Ant: danger, hazard, risk, jeopardy, exposure, pitfall
Sentence: The climbers slept in a mountain refuge.
10. Superintend:
Syn: manage, control
Sentence: Her job is to superintend the production process.
11. Emphasing:
Syn: stress
Sentence: I think we should put as much emphasis on preventing disease as we do on curing it.
12. Froth:
Syn: head, foam, bubble
Sentence: Shake the drink before serving it to froth it up.
13. Monitoring:
Syn: guidance
Sentence: The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
14. Resource:
Syn: supply, store
Sentence: The country's greatest resource is the dedication of its workers.
15. Supervisory:
Syn: managerial, administrate
Sentence: We need to employ more supervisory staff.
16. Endemic:
Syn: wide spread, common, rife
Sentence: Malaria is endemic in many of the hotter regions of the world.
17. Hysterical:
Syn: out of control, frantic
Ant: composed
Sentence: Calm down, you're getting hysterical.
18. Operation:
syn:act,action,effort,agency,enterprise,execution,instrumentally,manipulation,performance,procedure,process,proceeding,working,transaction,maneuver
Ant: cessation, Inaction, inactivity
Sentence: There are several reactors of the type in operation at the moment.
19. Sever:
Syn: cut, separate, split, undo
Ant: attach, join
20. Essential:
Syn: important, key point, fundamental
Ant: unnecessary
Sentence: planning is essential for achieving goal
21. Infrastructure:
Syn: communication, fundamental facilities
Sentence: my college’s infrastructure is very nice
22. Evacuate:
Syn: to clear, remove from, vacate
Ant: join, together
Sentence: to victims of tsunami are evacuated
23. Vulnerable:
Syn: danger, at risk, helpless
Ant: safe, self-reliant
Sentence: I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
24. Inspection:
Syn: examination, check, scrutiny, assessment
Ant: uncheck, lenient
Sentences: Her passport seemed legitimate, but on closer inspection, it was found to have been altered.
25. Preventive:
Syn: stop, defensive, precautionary
Ant: start, aggressive
Sentence: In the past 10 years, preventive measures have radically reduced levels of tooth decay in children.
Unit: 5
1. Altruistic:
Syn: unselfish, self less
Ant: selfish
Sentence: I doubt whether her motives for donating the money are altruistic - she's probably looking for publicity.
2. Amenable:
Syn: better, change
Ant: spoil, blemish
Sentence: Do you think the new manager will prove more amenable to our proposals?
. Biomarker:
Syn: biomarker, or biological marker, is in general a substance used as an indicator of a biological state. It is a characteristic that is objectively measured.
Sentence:
4. Cardiovascular:
Syn: relating to both the heart and the blood vessels
Sentence: she is suffering from cardiovascular disease
5. Carrier:
Syn: transporter, shipper, mover
Sentence: There are an estimated 1.5 million HIV carriers in the country.
6. Chronic:
Syn: confirmed, constant
Ant: occasional, temporary
Sentence: There is a chronic shortage of teachers.
7. Correlate:
syn: correspondence, likeness, compare
Ant: difference, disparagement
Sentence: Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated
8. Demonastrate:
Syn: certainly, conclusion
Ant: confusion, concealment
Sentence: These problems demonstrate the importance of strategic planning.
9. Desirable:
Syn: acceptable, advisable
Ant: detrimental, baneful
Sentence: It’s regarded as a highly desirable job.
10. Elevated:
Syn: advance, exact
Ant: abase, condemn
Sentence: The doctor said I was to keep my leg elevated.
11. Elimination:
Syn: abolish, banish
Ant: accept, admit
Sentence: We eventually found the answer by a process of elimination.
12. Endemic:
Syn: widespread, common, ripe
Sentence: The disease is endemic among British sheep/to many British flocks.
13. Eradication:
syn: abolish, destroy
Ant: exact, confirm
Sentence: The government claims to be doing all it can to eradicate corruption.
14. Epidemiology:
Syn; the scientific and medical study of the causes and transmission of disease within a population
Sentence: Poverty in this country has reached epidemic proportions
15. Err:
Syn: blunder, wrong
Sentence: He erred in agreeing to her appointment
16. Fetish:
Syn: obsession, thing
Sentence: He has a fetish about/for high-heels.
17. Initiate:
Syn: arise, begin, open, start
Ant: close, complete
Sentence: Each culture had a special ritual to initiate boys into manhood.
18. Intensification:
Syn: rise, strength, growth
Ant: reduction, weakness
Sentence: Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
19. Lentil:
Syn: an edible seed that is lens-shaped, brown, gray, green, or black on the outside and yellow or orange inside, and rich in protein
Sentence: I like lentil soup
20. Metabolic:
Syn: relating to or typical of metabolism
Sentence: The athletes had taken pills to stimulate their metabolic rate
21. Monopoly:
syn: absorb, control, domination
Ant: exude
Sentence: The government is determined to protect its tobacco monopoly.
22. Morsel:
Syn: scrap, piece, bit, fragment
Ant: chunk
Sentence: The prisoners ate every last morsel.
23. Palate:
Syn: taste, liking
Ant: dislike
Sentence: palate is the top part of mouth
24. Premature:
Syn: early, green
Ant: matured, overdue
Sentence: Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren't yet known.
25. Recommend:
Syn: imply,
Ant: demand, dictate
Sentence: She is a highly recommended architect.
26. Reservoir:
Syn: tank, pool, basin
Sentence: The universities constitute a reservoir of expert knowledge.
27. Responsive:
Syn: alert, open, approachable
Ant: stop doing
Sentence: She wasn't responsive to questioning.
28. Sparingly:
Syn: carefully, thinly
Ant: liberally
Sentence: There wasn't enough coal during the war, so we had to use it sparingly.
29. Staunch:
Syn: reliable, trusty, stop
Ant: undependable
Sentence: He gained a reputation as being a staunch defender/supporter of civil rights.
30. Stratergy:
Sentence: The president held an emergency meeting to discuss military strategy with his defence commanders yesterday.
3
1. Temptation:
Syn: bait, charm
Ant: discourage, nauseate
Sentence: As a young actress, she managed to resist the temptation to move to Hollywood.
32. Transmission:
syn: communicate, broadcast
Ant: hide, conceal
Sentence: We apologize for the interruption to our transmissions this afternoon.
Unit 6
1. Applied:
Syn: functional, useful, practical
Ant: theoretical
Sentence: in these days applied mathematics play an important role
2. Chivalry:
Syn: brave, courage, courteous, gallant, generous, heroic, knightly
Ant: cowardly, rude, timorous, and unmannerly
Sentence: "After you,” he said chivalrously, holding open the door.
3. Conviction:
Syn: criminal, culprit, felon, malefactor
Ant: absolve, acquit, exonerate, pardon
Sentence: The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.
4. Egalitarian:
Syn: democratic, open, free
Ant: repressive
Sentence: The party's principles are basically egalitarian.
5. Factor:
Syn: actor, agent, attorney, delegate, manager, deputy
Ant: retain
Sentence: People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors
6. Intellectual:
Syn: thinker, academic, brain
Sentence: I like detective stories and romances - nothing too intellectual.
7. Loops:
Syn: curve, bend, arc, twist
Sentence: Turn left where the road loops (= curves) round the farm buildings.
8. Negate:
Syn: cancel out, reverse, wipe out
Sentence: The increase in our profits has been negated by the rising costs of running the business.
9. Nicking:
Syn: cut, a small V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or surface
Sentence: there is a deep nicking on the seashore during Tsunami
10. Noble:
Syn: aristocratic, august, dignified, elevated, grand
Ant: object, base, ignoble, low, servile
Sentence: His followers believe they are fighting for a noble cause.
11. Pedagogue:
Sentence: The minister's reforms are pedagogically questionable (= not based on good teaching theory).
12. Pitch:
Syn: cast, chuck, fling, heave, hurl, launch, propel, sling, throw, toss
Ant: catch, grab, and receive
Sentence: She pitched the stone into the river.
13. Promising:
Syn: affirmation, agreement, assurance, contract, oath, pledge, undertaking, fulfillment
Sentence: They won the award for the most promising new band of the year.
14. Reform:
Syn: amend, better, correct, freshen, improve, minder repair, restore
Ant: aggravate, corrupt, damage, impair, rein
Sentence: The education system in Britain was crying out for reform.
15. Renounce:
Syn: abandon, abdicate, desert, drop, sacrifice
Ant: maintain, preserve, persist, and remain
Sentence: Gandhi renounced the use of violence.
16. Spreading:
Syn: circulate, diffuse, dispense, open, extend
Ant: collect, conceal, condense, suppress
Sentence: The fire spread very rapidly because of the strong wind.
17. Springboard:
Syn: launch pad, catalyst
Sentence: The firm's director is confident that the new project will act as a springboard for/to further contracts.
18. Stele:
Syn: epitaph, an inscription on a tombstone or monument commemorating the person buried there
Sentence: Buddhist steles are found throughout India
19. Summit:
Syn: height, top, peak, zenith
Ant: nadir, depth
Sentence: I certainly haven't reached the summit of my career
VERBS
In English, a regular verb (EG: talk) has only two forms in the present tense; talk and talks
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
Singular Plural
1st person I talk we / you and I talk
2nd person you (singular) talk you (plural) talk
3rd person he, she, John, Lisa, the boy talks they / John and Mary / the girls talk
Only the verb to be has more than two forms in the present tense (am, is, are).
In the past tense, it is the only verb with more than one form (was, were). All other English verbs, regular and irregular, use just one form (talked, read, saw, etc.) for all persons.
In the future tense, English verbs show no subject-verb agreement whatsoever: I, you, he, we, they will do, speak, go, etc.
Auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary verbs are small verbs used to build verb chains.
Kate is speaking.
We had been asking.
She did like him once.
The auxiliary verbs are:
have when followed by a past participle:
e.g. have seen
be when followed by a present participle or by a past participle:
are working
are admired
do when followed by an infinitive:
do you think, do not think.
the modal verbs, which are generally followed by an infinitive:
will think, must be
Modal verbs
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that come in front of an infinitive (usually without to). They express such ideas as possibility, willingness, prediction, speculation, deduction, necessity and habit.
He must be angry
I can’t understand.
You ought to tell us.
Here are the main modal verbs:
will/would
may/might
dare
shall/should
must
need
can/could
ought
used to
Why be is always an auxiliary verb and possessive have sometimes is.
One of the main differences between auxiliary and main verbs is that auxiliaries are used in questions like Are you listening? and in negative sentences like You aren't listening. If we apply this as a test for auxiliary verbs, then other uses of be should also count as auxiliaries:
They are happy. Are they happy? They aren't happy.
He is your friend. Is he your friend? He isn't your friend.
It was here. Was it here? It wasn't here.
The same applies, for some people, to the verb have which means 'possess':
She has enough money. Has she enough money? She hasn't enough money.
Verb forms
The main verb forms (with examples from a regular verb) are these:
present tense
we walk
she walks
FINITE
past tense
I walked
imperative
Walk this way
NON-FINITE
present participle
I was walking
past participle
they have walked
infinitive
they can walk
they like to walk
Sometimes the word itself is the same – for example, walk can be present, infinive or imperative. But it’s important to be able to identify the different forms in use.
These six forms belong to two major groups, which play an important part in English grammar:
The present, past and imperative forms are finite.
The participles and the infinitive are non-finite.
Finite and non-finite verbs
If an ordinary sentence contains just one verb, this verb will be finite. (Why 'finite'?)
This is [finite] a finite verb.
In a verb chain, the first verb in the chain is almost always finite, and the other verbs are always non-finite.
They have [finite] looked [non-finite] at it
The finite verb in a clause defines the way the clause works. It gives key information about:
who is doing the thing - i.e. the subject:
e.g. They have ... but: She has ...
and when it is being done - i.e. the tense:
e.g. They have ... but: They had ...
Non-finite verbs are not restricted in these ways, though they are restricted in other ways. For example, the infinitive have can be used for any time and any subject:
He seems to have a cold. (present time, singular subject)
They seemed to have colds. (past time, plural subject)
OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS
Cases where Prepositions are omitted
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
We do not normally use prepositions of time (on, in, at etc) before words like last, next or this.
I met him last Sunday. (NOT I met him on last Sunday.)
I met him on Sunday.
We may discuss it next time. (NOT We may discuss it at next time.)
The use of preposition is optional in the following sentences.
I was here (in) the December before last.
The visited us (on) the day before yesterday.
She came here (in) the previous summer.
We waited there (for) two hours.
Different prepositions
Some words which have slightly different form and meaning take different prepositions after them.
Examples are: desire for but desirous of; confidence in but confident of
I have no desire for name or fame.
She is desirous of finding a job.
I have no confidence in his ability to perform the task.
I am confident of success in the examination.
More examples are given below:
According to but in accordance with;
Sensible of but insensible to;
Affection for but affectionate to;
Ambition for but ambitious of;
Fond of but fondness for;
Neglectful of; not negligent in;
Dislike to not liking for;
The prepositions at / on / in are not normally used in expressions of time beginning with next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some and all.
See you next week. (NOT See you in the next week.)
I am free this evening. (NOT I am free in this evening.)
You can come any time. (NOT You can come at any time.)
I worked all day. (NOT I worked on all day.)
Let’s meet one day. (NOT Let’s meet on one day.)
These prepositions are not used before yesterday, the day before yesterday, tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.
She is coming tomorrow. (NOT She is coming on tomorrow.)
I met him yesterday. (NOT I met him on yesterday.)
Also note that prepositions are dropped in questions beginning with what / which + expression of time.
What time is she arriving? (NOT At what time is she arriving?)
What day is the conference? (NOT On what day is the conference?)
She grew up —————– Canada. (in/on)
2. It is very hot ——————- the center of the earth. (in/at)
3. Turn right ——————– the next corner. (in/at)
4. Let’s meet ——————— the club. (at/on)
5. She works —————– Life Insurance Corporation of India. (in/at)
6. He is a student —————— Oxford. (in/at)
7. London is ———————- the river Thames. (in/on)
8. There is a misprint ——————– line 9 on page 36. (on/in)
9. There is a big spider ———————– the ceiling. (in/on)
10. She is arriving —————— the 4.15th train. (in/on)
11. Are you still ——————– the same address? (at/on)
12. They live in a flat ——————– the fifth floor. (in/on)
Answers
1. In, 2. At, 3. At, 4. At, 5. At, 6. At, 7. On, 8. In, 9. On, 10. On, 11. At, 12. On
PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
English Usage Example
on ------------days of the week ex.on Monday
in ----------- months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?) in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at----------- for night, for weekend a certain point of time (when?) at night
at the weekend at half past nine
since ----------- from a certain point of time (past till now)
since 1980
for ----------- over a certain period of time (past till now)
for 2 years
ago----------- a certain time in the past
2 years ago
before----------- earlier than a certain point of time
before 2004
to ----------- telling the time
ten to six (5:50)
past----------- telling the time
ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until ----------- marking the beginning and end of a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until
in the sense of how long something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by----------- in the sense of at the latest , up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 o’clock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in ----------- room, building, street, town, country,book, paper etc. car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at----------- meaning next to, by an object, for table,for events, place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on----------- attached for a place with a river being on a surface, for a certain side (left, right), for a floor in a house,for public transport,for television, radio,the picture on the wall,London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside----------- left or right of somebody or something
Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under----------- on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below----------- lower than something else but above ground
the fish are below the surface
over-----------covered by something else, meaning more than,getting to the other side (also across)overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above-----------higher than something else, but not directly over it
a path above the lake
across-----------getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through----------- something with limits on top, bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to-----------movement to person or building,movement to a place or country,for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into-----------enter a room / a building
go into the kitchen / the house
towards-----------movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto-----------movement to the top of something
jump onto the table
from-----------in the sense of where from
a flower from the garden
Other important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from-----------who gave it
a present from Jane
of-----------who/what does it belong to, what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by-----------who made it
a book by Mark Twain
on-----------walking or riding on horseback,entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in-----------entering a car / Taxi
get in the car
off-----------leaving a public transport vehicle
get off the train
out of-----------leaving a car / Taxi
get out of the taxi
by-----------rise or fall of something,travelling (other than walking or horseriding)
prices have risen by 10 percent
by car, by bus
at-----------for age
she learned Russian at 45
about-----------for topics, meaning what about
we were talking about you
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