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Friday, April 24, 2009

MID-III 2009with ANSWERS(Grammar ONLY)


Each question carries 20 Marks.
Unit –VI­­­­
1) a) Was the launch of “ Prithvi” smooth? What was the response of the West to the
launch of Prithvi ? (10 M)
b) How does author view technology? (10 M)
2) Joe Larrabee and Delia Caruthers are considered as an ideal couple. Discuss. (20 M)
3) Is the story ‘ A service of love’ about art or great love? (20 M)
Unit – VII
4) (a) write an essay on “ Pollution”. (10 M)
(b) Write a dialogue between the principal and a student as student is seeking
permission for leave. (10 M)
5) (a) After interviewing an applicant for the post of secretary to your company,
you decide that he is unsuitable. Write a letter to him rejecting his application
and briefly giving your reasons for your rejection. (10 M)
(b) The violence on TV is not the sole factor for violence
among children but it is an important contributing factor. Children imitate what they see on TV. It is not only the violence, but anything. They imitate the character they see in their favorite programmes by watching, and actlike them. They even mock their reactions and mannerisms besides their style of dressing. Parents should ensure against this. It is important to spend time with children and the quality of time spent is more important than the quantity. (5×2=10)
a) what should be done by the parents according to the writer?
b) Is violence in TV the sole factor for violence among children?
c) What worries the speaker most ?
d) What do children imitate?
e) What is the part of speech of the following words.
1) Contributing (verb)
2) violence (Noun)
3) besides (Preposition)
4) mannerism(Noun)
6) a) write an essay on “ child labour” . (10 M)
b) Galileo was born in the year 1564 in the Italian town of Pisa. He went to school in France and later joined the university of Pisa. His first idea was to study medicine but later he changed his mind. One day he happened to hear a lecture of a professor of mathematics at the university. He then decided to study mathematics and physics. He showed uncommon ability in these studies. He could not stay at the university long enough to take a degree, nevertheless, he was appointed a teacher of mathematics at the same university, at the age of twenty five.
1) Where was Galileo born? (5×2=10)
2) what was Galileo’s first idea ?
3) How did Galileo feel interest in mathematics?
4) What was Galileo at the age of twenty five?
5) Pick out the word used in the passage that means ‘altered ’?


Unit VIII
7) a) correct the following 5M
1) I walk by foot. (X)
I walk on foot.
2) I saw an one eyed man.(X)
I saw a one eyed man.
3) How long you have been living here?(X)
How long have you been living here?
4) He enjoyed the movie.(X)
He enjoyed hmself the movie.
5) She is the chairman of the committee.(X)
She is the chairperson of the committee.
b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3 M
1) I was________ in the story. (disinterested / uninterested )
2) He is ________of the college.(principal/principle)
3) We ______ the beam above the roof. ( rised / raised)
c) Use the following phrases / idioms in your own words. 3 M
1) All and Sundry =everyone
2) ins and outs = details
3) put on =wear
d) Write the prefix & suffix of the following 3 M
a. __in____ experience = naive
b. Biblio __graphy____ = a list of books about particular subject by particular author
c. ___un_____ believable = incredible
e) Write one word substitute. 3 M
a. Collection of poems. : Anthology
b. The state of being poor: Poverty
c. Study of birds.: Ornithology
f) Write synonyms of the following. 3 M
1) abandon =
Quit
2) abhor = Hate
3) abolish = Eradicate

8) a) Correct the following. 5 M
1) The United States are under the threat of terrorism.(x)
The United States is under the athreat of terrorism.
2) I ordered for coffee.(X)
I ordered coffee.
3) The gold is a precious metal. (X)
Gold is precious metal.
4) Coal are black.(X)
Coal is black.
5) There are twenty females in the room. (X)
There are twenty women in the room.

b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3 M

1) He is a ________ leader (capable/ able).
2) I _____your apology (accept/except).
3) He is _____ five ponds weight(all ready/ already)

c) Use the following idioms & phrases in your own words. 3 M
1) Part and parcel = including,integral part
2) Safe and sound = quite
3) Hard and fast = strict
c) Write the prefix &suffix of the following. 3 M
1) __an_archy = with out Govt.
2) __in_cite = encourage some body to do some thing violent.
3) Simple _____ = make easy.(simplify)
a) Write one word substitute. 3 M
1) One who devotes his services or wealth for the love of mankind =Philanthropist
2) One who compiles a dictionary = Lexicographer
3) Fluent in two languages. = Bilingual
b) Write synonyms. 3 M
1) Amicable = Friendly
2) Animosity =Hostality
3) Credible= Believeble

9)
a) Correct the following. 5 M
1) Radha get up six ‘o’ clock in the morning. ( gets up)
2) Last week I have seen a cyber café. (saw)
3) I saw a ex-retired soldier.(remove Ex)
4) They laughed to me.(at)
5) I have been suffering from the malaria. (remove 'the')

b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3M
1) We are _________ going to see the movie. (all together / altogether)
2) His _________ to my failure was clear.(illusion / allusion).
3) The owner of the car became __________ excited.( awfully / awful).

c) Use the following idioms and phrases in you own words. 3 M
1) a birds eye view =casual look
2) at the eleventh hour = at the last minute
3) to build castles in the air = making imaginary schemes
d) Write the prefix & suffix of the following. 3 M
1) Complicate ________ (a thing that makes a situation more difficult).(complication)
2) Biblio _phile______ (a person who loves books).
3) _be___ loved (loved very much by some body).
e) Write one word substitute. 3 M
1) to love some body very much = adore
2) dire poverty = penury
3) Acute feeling of home sickness = Nostalgia
f) Write antonyms of the following. 3 M
1) Authentic X false
2) aversion X inclination
3) Normal X abnormal

MID III Question Bank

MID –III Question Bank
Each question carries 20 Marks.
Unit –VI­­­­
1) a) Was the launch of “ Prithvi” smooth? What was the response of the West to the
launch of Prithvi ? (10 M)
b) How does author view technology? (10 M)
2) J oe Larrabee and Delia Caruthers are considered as an ideal couple. Discuss. (20 M)
3) Is the story ‘ A service of love’ about art or great love? (20 M)
Unit – VII
4) (a) write an essay on “ Pollution”. (10 M)
(b) Write a dialogue between the principal and a student as student is seeking
permission for leave. (10 M)
5) (a) After interviewing an applicant for the post of secretary to your company,
you decide that he is unsuitable. Write a letter to him rejecting his application
and briefly giving your reasons for your rejection. (10 M)
(b) The violence on TV is not the sole factor for violence
among children but it is an important contributing factor. Children imitate
what they see on TV. It is not only the violence, but anything. They imitate
the character they see in their favorite programmes by watching, and
act like them. They even mock their reactions and mannerisms besides their
style of dressing. Parents should ensure against this. It is important to spend time
with children and the quality of time spent is more important than the
quantity. (5×2=10)
a) what should be done by the parents according to the writer?
b) Is violence in TV the sole factor for violence among children?
c) What worries the speaker most ?
d) What do children imitate?
e) What is the part of speech of the following words.
1) Contributing 2) violence 3) besides 4) mannerism
6) a) write an essay on “ child labour” . (10 M)
b) Galileo was born in the year 1564 in the Italian town of Pisa. He went to school in France and later joined the university of Pisa. His first idea was to study medicine but later he changed his mind. One day he happened to hear a lecture of a professor of mathematics at the university. He then decided to study mathematics and physics. He showed uncommon ability in these studies. He could not stay at the university long enough to take a degree, nevertheless, he was appointed a teacher of mathematics at the same university, at the age of twenty five.
1) Where was Galileo born? (5×2=10)
2) what was Galileo’s first idea ?
3) How did Galileo feel interest in mathematics?
4) What was Galileo at the age of twenty five?
5) Pick out the word used in the passage that means ‘altered ’?


Unit VIII
7) a) correct the following 5M
1) I walk by foot.
2) I saw an one eyed man.
3) How long you have been living here?
4) He enjoyed the movie.
5) She is the chairman of the committee.
b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3 M
1) I was________ in the story. (disinterested / uninterested )
2) He is ________of the college.(principal/principle)
3) We ______ the beam above the roof. ( rised / raised)
c) Use the following phrases / idioms in your own words. 3 M
1) All and Sundry 2) ins and outs 3) put on
d) Write the prefix & suffix of the following 3 M
a. ______ experience = naive
b. Biblio ____ = a list of books about particular subject by particular author
c. ________ believable = incredible
e) Write one word substitute. 3 M
a. Collection of poems.
b. The state of being poor.
c. Study of birds.
f) Write synonyms of the following. 3 M
1) abandon 2) abhor 3) abolish
8) a) Correct the following. 5 M
1) The United States are under the threat of terrorism.
2) I ordered for coffee.
3) The gold is a precious metal.
4) Coal are black.
5) There are twenty females in the room.
b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3 M
6) He is a ________ leader (capable/ able).
7) I _____your apology (accept/except).
8) He is _____ five ponds weight(all ready/ already)
b) Use the following idioms & phrases in your own words. 3 M
1) Part and parcel 2) Safe and sound 3) Hard and fast
c) Write the prefix &suffix of the following. 3 M
1) _______archy = with out Govt.
2) ________cite = encourage some body to do some thing violent.
3) Simple _____ = make easy.



d) Write one word substitute. 3 M
1) One who devotes his services or wealth for the love of mankind
2) One who compiles a dictionary
3) Fluent in two languages.
e) Write synonyms. 3 M
1) Amicable
2) Animosity
3) Credible.
9)
a) Correct the following. 5 M
1) Radha get up six ‘o’ clock in the morning.
2) Last week I have seen a cyber café.
3) I saw a ex-retired soldier.
4) They laughed to me.
5) I have been suffering from the malaria.
b) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words choosing from the bracket. 3M
1) We are _________ going to see the movie. (all together / altogether).
2) His _________ to my failure was clear.(illusion / allusion).
3) The owner of the car became __________ excited.( awfully / awful).
c) Use the following idioms and phrases in you own words. 3 M
1) a birds eye view 2) at the eleventh hour
3) to build castles in the air
d) Write the prefix & suffix of the following. 3 M
1) Complicate ________ (a thing that makes a situation more difficult).
2) Biblio _______ (a person who loves books).
3) ____ loved (loved very much by some body).
e) Write one word substitute. 3 M
1) to love some body very much
2) dire poverty
3) Acute feeling of home sickness
f) Write antonyms of the following. 3 M
1) Authentic 2) aversion 3) Normal

Saturday, March 21, 2009

Wings Of Fire (21-24)


C H A P T E R S 21-24

Kalam and his colleagues set up special facilities at SHAR for the launch of Prithvi as the interim test range at Balasore was not yet completed. Mr Kurup who was the director of SHAR and one of the old friends of Kalam made all the necessary arrangements for the launch of Prithvi. It was launched at 11.23 hrs on 25th February 1988. It was an epoch-making event in the history of rocketry in the country.The scientists of our nation developed Prithvi with a CEP as precise as 50 km.
The launch of Prithvi sent shock waves across the neighboring countries. The response of the West was shock and then anger. A seven- nation technology embargo was clamped, making it impossible for India to buy anything even remotely connected with the development of guided missiles. The emergence of India as a self-reliant country in the field of guided missiles upset all the developed nations of the world. India’s core competence in rocketry has been firmly established beyond any doubt. The robust civilian space industry and a viable missile–based defense have taken India into a select club of nations.
The Agni missile was being developed as a technology demonstrator project, pooling all the resources available in the country.Kalam was sure that India would certainly achieve state of the art technology with the combined efforts of its scientific laboratories and academic institutions. The Agni team had more than 500 scientists and many organizations were networked to under take this huge launch. Unlike space launch vehicles a missile launch involves wide ranging safety hazards. Due to technical troubles its launch was postponed twice. When the conditions of weather were favourable, the launch of Agni was scheduled for 22 may 1989. Agni took off at 7.10 hrs. It was a perfect launch and met all the flight parameters. It was like waking up to a beautiful morning after night marish sleep. Kalam and other scientists had reached the launch pad as a result of their continuous work at multiple work centres. A mere 600 seconds of elegant flight washed off their fatigue in an instant. Kalam felt that it was one of the greatest moments of his life. The Maharashtra Academy of science in Bombay invited Kalam to deliver the Jawaharlal Nehru memorial lecture. There, he shared his plans of making indigenous air to air missile, Astra and the Light combat aircraft (LCA) with the young scientists. On the republic day of 1990, he was conferred the Padma vibhushan along with Dr. Arunachalam. India had thus achieved the status of having a third generation anti tank missile system with “fire and forget” capability on par with any state- of the art technology in the world. It had proven that innovation cannot be suppressed by international restrictions.
In 1991 the gulf war broke out between Iraq and the allied forces led by the USA. The rockets and missiles captured the imagination of the entire nation. People started discussing Scuds and Patriots in coffee houses and teashops. Children began flying paper kites shaped like missiles, and playing war games along the lines of what they saw on American television networks. The successful test firing of Prithvi and Trishul during the course of the gulf war relaxed the anxious Indian nation. The nation was quick to draw parallels between the missiles like Scud and Patriot which were operational in the gulf war to our Prithvi and Akash. People’s faces would light up with pride and satisfaction when they came to know that our missiles would perform better than those used in the gulf war. Superiority through technology is the key to the modern world order. So, deprive the opponent of the latest technology and then dictate the terms in an unequal contest became the policy of the day.
According to the Chinese war philosopher, Suntzu , “ what matters in war is not decimating the enemy physically but breaking the enemy’s will so as to make it concede defeat in the mind” Electronic war fare has come to dominate the politics of war in the twenty first century with missiles and information warfare playing the lead roles.
Kalam explains that the term ‘technology’ creates the images of smoky steel mills and clanking machines in the minds of many people. But, this is inadequate conception. Technology includes the techniques as well as the machines that may be necessary to apply these techniques. In fact, technology includes ways to make chemical reactions occur. Ways to freed fish, eradicate weeds, light up theaters, treat patients, to fight wars and even more to prevent them. Today most advanced technological processes especially in electronics and space technology are carried out in relative silence we should never forget that technology feeds on itself. Helpful technology makes more technology possible. In fact, technological innovation consists of three stages linked together in a self reinforced cycle. First, the blue print of a feasible idea. Secondly, the practical application and the third stage is its diffusion through society where its worth is measured.
Kalam explains that the biggest problem faced in one’s youth is the lack of clarity of vision, and the lack of direction. So Kalam decided to write about his opinions and observations on certain issues so as to say that no one should feel disheartened however poor or underprivileged. Problems are a part of life and suffering is the essence of success. Kalam wishes that children living in an obscure place in an under privileged social setting may find a little solace in the way kalam’s destiny has been shaped and liberate themselves from the bondage of their imagined backwardness and hopelessness. In sharing with us the story of his struggle to become a person Kalam hopes that it will equip at least a few young people to standup in our society. People tend to get addicted to the endless pursuit of external rewards like wealth, prestige, ceremonial honors and status symbols of all kinds. The youth of today must be- learn this self defeating way of living. The culture of working for material possessions and rewards must be discarded. People should rely more on the inner signals and less on the external material possessions. The entire nation will benefit by having strong, inner directed people as its citizens.


A service of Love

A SERVICE OF LOVE
The statement “when one loves one’s Art no service seems too hard” is true in the case of Joe Larrabee and Delia Caruthers. Joe came from the Middle West with a genius for painting to New York at the age of twenty years. As a child of six, he drew a picture of the town pump with an important citizen passing it in a hurry. This effort was framed and hung in the dreg store window. Delia,a promising singer, came from the South to New York to learn music with a small amount collected by her relatives. Joe and Delia met in a studio and fell in love with each other, Soon they were married. Mr&Mrs Larrabee began to live in a flat. Even though it was a lonely place, they were happy for they had their art and they had each other. They were mighty happy as long as their money lasted. Joe started learning painting at the famous painter,Mr Magister. His fees were high but his lessons were light. Delia was studying under a famous musician Mr Rosenstock. They were mighty happy as long as their money lasted. Joe wanted to paint pictures which had great demand the gentlemen would fight among themselves for buying them. Delia was to master the piano so and fill concert halls all over the country with people who would pay twice the usual rates to hear her play.
But after a while Art became weak. Everything going out and nothing coming in. There was no money to pay the fees of Mr Magister and Mr Rosenstock so Delia thought to give music to pupil. Delia told Joe that she was teaching music to General A.B.Pinkney’s daughter on Seventy-First Street. Her name was Clementina, a girl of eighteen years. Joe wanted to sell papers or break stones to bring in a dollar or two. But Delia advised Joe not to give up his learning of painting under Mr Magister. She convinced Joe.
During all of the next week the Larabees had an early breakfast. He was very much interested in some morning effect sketches. Art is a charming mistress. Joe gets eighteen dollars a weak. Joe told Delia that a fat man with a bald head bought one of his paintings and ordered another.
On the next Saturday evening Joe reached home first. He spread his eighteen dollars on the dining table. He washed what seemed to be a great deal of dark paint form his hands. Half an hour later, Delia arrived home with a bandage on her right hand when she was asked about it by Joe, Delia arrived, her hand tied up in a shapeless bundle of wraps and bandages. Joe asked about that. Delia said that Clementina while serving the Welsh rabbit, had spilled hot curry over her hand and wrist. The old gentleman Gen. A.B.Pinkney nearly went mad. He rushed down stairs to send somebody out to a drug store for some oil and things to find it up with. When Joe enquired her about the white threads beneath the bandages, she replied that there was oil on it. Also he came to know she burnt her hand at five o’ clock. He drew her to the sofa , sat beside her and put his arms across her shoulders. They revealed the truth to each other. He was working in the engine room and she was ironing in the same laundry.
It was Joe who sent up that cotton waste and oil from the engine room that afternoon for a girl in the upstairs who had her hand burned with an iron box. He had been working in the engine room in the laundry for the last two weeks. His buyer of paintings from Peoria and Gen. A.B Pinkney are both creations of the same art. One wouldn’t call it either painting or music. The cat is out of the bag that is, the secrets are revealed. “When one loves one’s art no service seems too hard”. They were indeed a loving and hardworking couple.Delia endured hard work in order not to be a burden to Joe. It also reveals her great love and deep concern for Joe and vice- versa. So, the story is more about love than about great art. “When one loves one’s art no service seems too hard”.

Tuesday, February 24, 2009

II MID ONLINE BITS


1. The frame Datta recommended to his customer: A frame with gold leaves and creepers.

2. Datta was: a silent and hardworking man
3. What was the appearance of the owner of the ‘Modern Frame Works’? A concave figure with silver rimmed glasses and the complexion of seasoned timber.
4. What was “The Modern Frame Works”? An extra large wooden packing case mounted on wobbly legs.
5. Datta had learnt by experience that: his customers never came punctually.
6. The ‘Modern Frame Works’ looks like a: fabulous world awaiting order and arrangement.
7. When the samples were shown to the customer he: was baffled
8. When the customer came to take the photograph, Datta tried to composite himself by : letting a whole minute pass without answering
9. Datta was forced to accept the disaster with a: hopeless resignation
10. Every nerve in Datta’s head throbbed: when he thought of what answer he would offer to his customer
11. The customer clearly remembered that he had asked Datta for only: A cut mount with an oval shape.
12. How was the photograph? Sharp & highly glazed
13. What was the colour of the photograph of the old man that the customer wanted to be framed? Sepia brown
14. What are the extravagant qualities of the old man described by the customer? Nobility, Compassion, and Charity.
15. Why did they want to frame the photograph? To demonstrate their homage
16. Datta had learnt by experience that: his customers never came punctually.
17. Datta was always seen sitting ---- up, surrounded by a ---- of cardboard pieces: hunched , confused
18. Many times Datta had to stand up and shake his dhoti vigorously to: dislodge the lost object 19. C.V.Raman remembered that one day he was standing between: the Libyan Desert and the Valley of the Nile in Egypt.
20. In one sense water is the commonest of liquids, in another sense it is: the most uncommon of liquids.
21. The finest silt of the valley of the Nile was brought down by the river from the highway of: Abyssinia and from Central Africa.
22. The Nile flows inot the: Mediterranean sea
23. In the body of all living creatures water plays an essential part in its: Physiological activity.24. Alluvial areas formed by silt are usually: Very fertile
25. Common substance which we call water: is the most potent and most wonderful thing on face of earth26. Much of Indian agriculture depends on: seasonal rainfall
27. The ------ and ------ of water is thus fundamental for human welfare: Conservation and utilization.
28. The problems of soil erosion are closely connected with: inadequate and irregular rainfall.
29. The rain fed tanks play a vital role in: South Indian agriculture.
30. The problem of ---- is one of the serious important in various countries and especially in many parts of India.: Soil erosion31. India, being a country which has only seasonal rainfall: has the problem of an immense quantity of rainwater running off the ground
32. The harnessing of water supplies helps on developing: hydroelectric power.
33. Hydro-electric Power helps in tapping: underground water
34. The most advantageous result of having availability of electric power is that: it helps inderground water to be tapped to a greater extent than at present
35. The soil on the earth’s surface has been formed from: The rocks of its crust.
36. Kalpana was not a topper at the school, but she was among the first : Five
37. Kalpana was one among the --- astronauts selected by NASA : 19
38. The first woman astronaut to go into the space is : Kalpana Chawla
39. Kalpana Chawla was offered attractive job by: Overset Methods Inc.
40. Kalpana Chawla had her schooling in the : Tagore Bal Niketan
41. At PEC Kalpana was actively associated with: Aero & Astro society
42. After obtaining PhD Kalpana joined: NASA Ames Research Centre
43. Kalpana pursued her pre-degree cpurse from: Dayal Singh College
44. Kalpana initially sought PhD admission into the discipline of: Mechanical engineering
45. After graduation, Kalpana decided to seek admission into: University of Texas
46. Kalpana moved to ------ after her Master’s programme: Colorodo
47. Kalpana’s dream was to become: Flight Engineer
48. For STS-107 mission Kalpana’s assignment was: conduct research on micro gravity
49. Kalpana’s thesis guide at Arlington was: Don Wilson
50. Kalpana got married in the year: 1983
51. Kalpana Chawla’s pet name was: Montu
52. For STS-107 mission Kalpana’s assignment was: to conduct research on microgravity.
53. The code name of Narayanana’s missile project was: Devil
54. The project director for Prithvi: Col.V.J.Sundaram
55. “Don not make rocketry your profession or your livelihood- make it your religion your mission” who said these words? Wernher Von Braun
56. In area Sriharikota is as big as: Chennai57. Who calls Kalam with his full name? T.N.Seshan
58. Who has demonstrated his mastery over the art of team building? Prof. Vikram Sarabhai.
59. Who played a very important role in shaping Dr. Kalam’s leadership skills? Dr.Brahm Prakash
60. When Abdul Kalam visited DRDL in April 1982 who was the Director? Mr.S.L.Bansal
61. Which missile was the first IRBM with a 3,000 km range? : Jupiter missile
62. The formulation of re-entry experiment (REX) later became : Agni
63. The vaccum created in Kalam by the Diamont was filled by : RATO
64. Who succeeded Prof.Ramanna after his retirement? Dr. V.S.Arunachalam
65. The failure of the timer circuit of the nose cone jettisoning mechanism led to the birth of: A rocket engineering laboratory.
66. Dr.Brahm Prakash died on: 3 January 1984.
67. INCOSPAR was reconstituted as an advisory body under the : INSA
68. What is the commonest denominator among all successful men and women? Total Commitment
69. The SLV rocket flight was terminated after: 317 seconds.
70. Who became the technical director of German Missile laboratory at Kummersdorf? Wernher Von Braun
71. The development of an indigenous surface-to-air missile was taken by: DRDO
72. An altitude control system and an on-board computer were developed by: D.P.Benerjee, K.V.Ramanna Sai and their team.
73. The fourth stage apogee motor has given the required velocity to put ----- satellite into orbit: Rohini
74. The anti-tank missile project became: Nag
75. Who was the French visitor & President of CNES (Centre Nationale de Etudes Spatiales) brought to Thumba by Prof. Sarabhai: Dr Curien
76. What was Kalam’s dream project? Agni
77. Dr. Brhm Prakash died on: 3 January 1984.
78. The Indian Rocket society was found in : 1968
79. ISRO became a government body in: 1975
80. The velocity of SLV-3 satellite is: 25,000km per hour
81. The SLV rocket flight was terminated after: S17 seconds
82. The surface-to-surface weapon system became: Prithvi
83. What was the position of India, in its satellite launching capability, when SLV-3 was launched? Fifth in the world.
84. Who was Kalam’s sheet anchor? Dr.Brahm Prakash
85. Indian Space Research Organization was created under the: DAE
86. Who was Abdul Kalam’s mentor? Ahmed Jallalluddin
87. For all scientific projects in India , the Management pattern of the SLV project became: the blueprint
88. Since the space at DRDL was inadequate for IGMDP, Abdul Kalam selected: Imarat Kancha area.
89. The 1st launch of the missile programme was conducted on: 16 sept 1985
90. PM Indira Gandhi visited Thumba to dedicate TERLS to: The International Space Science Community.
91. “You are beautifully clothered in your success” who said these words? Prof Satish Dhawan 92. Kalam considered Prof. Sarabhai as : Mahatma Of Indian Science
93. The Indian Rocket Society was formed in: 1968
94. The rocket that put the first man on the Moon was: The Saturn rocket in the Apollo mission.
95. Who was the first director of Vikram Sarabhai Space centre? Dr Brahm Prakash
96. The tactical core vehicle was called: Trishul
97. Dr. Curien testified that SLV-Project team has achieved in a year what the Eurpoean team could do in: three years.
98. The Nandi project was aborted at: ADE
99. Who is India’s Industrialist scientist? Prof. Vikram Sarabhai
100. The first experimental flight trial of SLV-3 was scheduled on: 10 Aug 1979
101. The Defense Minister R.Venkataraman suggested Kalam and his DRDL team to launch: an integrated GMDP
102. Indian Space Research Organization was created under tac: DAE
103. Who appointed Kalam, the Project manager of SLV: Prof. Satish Dhavan
104. ISRO was lucky to have two helm leaders : Prof. Sarabhai and Prof.Dhawan
105. The development of an indigenous surface-to- air missile was taken up by: DRDO
106. The surface-to-surface weapon system became : Prithvi
107. Who was the director of Prithvi? Col.V.J.Sundaram

Saturday, February 7, 2009

Inspiration :Kalpana Chawla

I N S P I R A T I O N
R E A C H I N G F O R T H E S T A R S

Kalpana chawla was born in 1961 in karnal to Banarasi Lal Chawla and Sanjyoti. She was the youngest to the family of four children. She has two sisters and a brother. She was fondly called ‘Montu’ at home. The ancestors of Kalpana had come to India form Pakistan during the riots that followed partition carrying nothing with them than their innate optimism and resourcefulness. Although the family was economically comfortable, Kalpana and her brothers and sisters grew up on account of their remarkable hard work and perseverance. She became India’s first woman astronaut to go into space. Before the launch of the Columbia in 2003, kalpana said that in her early years in India everyone as a rule should work hard. It instilled the notion that no matter whatever the circumstances could be one should follow one’s dreams. It happened to be the characteristic of her family members and left a deep and lasting impression on young Kalpana.
During the days of her childhood a girl child has to overcome many social barriers and restrictions. There was no importance to education to academic excellence among all its children. Kalpana also found immense strength and support in her mother who believed that one should always do what one loves best. She had studied in the Tagore Bal Niketan School headed by a principal who loved children and it had teachers who were caring and deeply committed to their profession. As it played a great role in shaping of kalpana, she remembered her school with gratitude all her life.
Kalpana was always fascinated by aircraft. She enjoyed making pictures and models of airplanes in her art and craft classes. She loved watching trainer aircraft land and take off. Seeing her passion for flying her father managed to arrange a few joyrides aboard. On hot summer nights, when the family would sleep in the open on coir cots, Kalpana would lose herself watching the twinkling stars which bring several basic questions to her curious mind. Kalpana remarked that those nights raised the deep sense of fascination for the sky. By the time she left school, she was certain that she wanted to be an aerospace engineer. kalpana completed her pre degree from Dayal singh college in Karnal and joined the Punjab Engineering college (PEC) in chandigarh. Even the conservative chawla family was uncomfortable to send her outside their town; she succeeded in convincing her family. At the PEC she opted to study aeronautical engineering. The determination of kalpana to become a flight engineer could not be stopped by the principal and the teachers of the college who tried to persuade kalpana to change her choice of study. With her indomitable attitude and persistence she began to be noticed by her teachers and classmates .Very soon, she rose to the top of the class. In her view not only the final destination was important but also the means. She believed that one should enjoy whatever one did in life. She was equally interested in sports as well as the activities of Aero and Astro society. At the PEC, she learnt about aircraft materials, propulsion and theoretical aerodynamics which gave her a strong foundation for her future years of study and later when she became an astronaut. When she left her small home town to join the University of Texas at Arlington, Kalpana chawla took yet another small step to lead her to the grand finale of the dream.
Kalpana chawla joined the NASA Ames research center in California after completing her PH.D in aerospace engineering. While at the research centre, she had applied to the NASA space centre to become an astronaut. Kalpana never took success for granted and worked hard to prepare herself for the interview. She paid special attention to improve her public speaking skills. In the interview, she stood one among the nineteen candidates selected to be members of NASA’s fifteenth batch of astronauts. The training at the NASA centre comprised of an instruction in land and sea survival as well as in operating aircraft. She had spent for months in high- fidelity simulators and under zero- gravity conditions. In November 1997 Kalpana was given a chance to go into space as one of the six crew members on board the Columbia shuttle’s STS- 87 mission. Kalpana was assigned the job of the prime robotic arm operator. Also she had to monitor experiments conducted on board and perform extra- vehicular Activities. Apart from the wonderful experience she had in her first sight of the earth from the shuttle, she realized that the earth was a very small part of the universe and the need to make a serious effort to save its environment and natural resources.
Kalpana never forgot her friends or the institutions that she had been associated with. She had an intense yearning to give back a part of what she had gained, to society and to all those who had inspired her. She arranged a program through which two students form her school could visit the NASA facilities every year. Kalapna also planned to sponsor a young student to a university in South Africa. When faced with options Kalpana had always chosen the more difficult and challenging one. It was evident, when she chose to be a crew member for the STS- 107 launch, instead of choosing the relatively easy path of being ground crew just as a top position in Silicon Valley, which she left two years ago. When her family and friends were waiting at Cape Canaveral to receive her, all communication with the Columbia snapped. The seven crew members on board lost their lives due to a blast in the shuttle. She was a truly remarkable woman who presented a rare combination of a brilliant mind and an intensely human spirit. Her courage to dream to reach stars would have seemed unattainable to most of us. Her determination and relentless perseverance in striving to achieve her goal led her to a meaningful life.

WATER The Elixir of Life

E n v I r o n m e n t

W a t e r : T h e e l I x I r of l I f e

Through the ages, man has sought in vain for an imaginary elixir of life, the divine Amrita. A draught of amrita was thought to confer immortality. But the true elixir of life lies near our hands. It is the commonest of all liquids. It is the plain water. C V Raman, the famous scientist recollects the day he was standing on the line which separates the Libyan Desert from the valley of the Nile in Egypt. On one side was visible a sea of billowing sand without any life and on the other side lay one of the greatest, most fertile and densely populated areas to be found any where on the earth. It was teeming with life and vegetation. It was due to the water of the river Nile. The ancient civilization of Egypt was created and sustained by the life giving waters which comedown year after year with unfailing regularity. C V Raman gives this example to emphasize that the common water is the most potent and the most wonderful thing on the face of our earth. There is nothing which aids so much to the beauty of the country side as water. It may be just a little stream trickling over the rocks or it may be a little pond by the way side where the cattle quench their thirst of an evening. The rain fed tanks that are so common in south India play a vital role in south Indian agriculture. It is a lovely sight to sea the sun rise or sunset over one of them. Water in a landscape may be compared to the eyes of a human face. It reflects the mood of an hour, being bright and gay when the sun shines. It turns to dark and gloomy when the sky is overcast. Therefore, C V Raman compares water in a landscape to the eyes in a human face.
One of the most remarkable facts about water is its power to carry silt. This is the origin of the characteristic color of the water in rain fed tanks. The soil formed by silt thus deposited is very fertile. The flow of water can also play a destructive part and wash away the soil which is the foundation of all agriculture. If it is allowed to proceed unchecked, it will show the most disastrous effects on the life of our country. The problem of soil erosion is one of the serious problems in various countries and especially in many parts of India. Soil erosion occurs in successive steps. It gradually washes away the earth, making agriculture impossible. A sudden burst of excessively heavy rain is one of the principal factors in causing soil erosion. It can be checked by terracing of the land, construction of bunds to check the flow of water, the practice of contour cultivation and the planting of appropriate types of vegetation. The aim should be to check the flow of the water at earliest possible stage before it acquires momentum and cause destruction.
Every living creature on earth contains a substantial proportion of water in its body and no physiological activity is possible without water. The conservation and utilization of water is thus fundamental for human welfare. The problems of soil erosion and of inadequate or irregular rainfall are closely connected with each other. So the adoption of techniques preventing soil erosion would also help to conserve the water. Much of the rainfall flows down into the streams and rivers and ultimately finds its way to the sea. The harnessing of our rivers can result in transforming vast areas of land into fertile land. A forestation is another problem in India. The systematic planting of trees is one of the most urgent needs of India. They would check soil erosion and conserve the rainfall of the country and would provide the necessary supplies of cheap fuel. The cheapest form of internal transport in a country is by boats through canals and rivers. The harnessing of water supplies also makes possible the development of hydroelectric power. It would bring about tremendous changes in rural economy and would enable to tap the ground water. So water is not only the commonest of liquids, but also the most uncommon of liquids. With amazing properties, water is responsible for its unique power of maintaining animal and plant life. Therefore the investigation of the nature and properties of water is of highest scientific interest.

HUMOUR

H U M O U R
Rasipuram Krishnaswami Laxman was born in Mysore in 1924.He began cartooning for the ‘free press journal’ in 1947.He joined ‘The Times of India’ as staff cartoonist and continued to draw for the news paper even today. .He has written and published numerous short stories and essays and travel articles. He has won numerous awards for his cartoons including Asia’s top journalism award ,Ramon Magsaysay award in 1984.In 2005 the government of India honored him with the Padma Visbhushan.
The present humorous story ‘The Gold Frame’ is also written by him. Datta, the owner of ‘the modern frame works’ ,is a silent and hard working man. His shop is actually an extra large wooden packing cage mounted on wobbly legs tucked in a gap between a drug store and a radio repair shop.Datta wears a silver rimmed glasses .He has a complexion of seasoned timber. He gives only laconic answers to the questions of his costumers and friends.
One day a customer came to his shop and showed a photograph which he wanted it to be framed. Datta with his habitual indifference ignored him. He continued with his routine work. The customer wanted a good job to be done no matter how much it costs. The customer volunteered the information and unwrapped a news paper. He exposed a sepia brown photograph of an old man. Datta felt that it was a standard portrait of a grand father, a philanthropist or a social worker of those days.
Datta asked the customer about the kind of frame he wanted for the picture. The customer wanted to have the best of its kind. Then Datta showed him different types of frames. The customer was baffled by the variety. Datta also showed him various mounts. He suggested that a cut mount with an oval shape would look more elegant. Finally the customer placed an order for a gold frame of a cut mount. Its cost was seventeen rupees. Datta asked him to come after two weeks.
Ten days later the tall, rustic- looking customer enquired Datta if the photograph had been framed. He thought that he could collect it if was ready. Datta cast a side glance at him and continued with his work. The customer realized that he had come four days earlier. He asked datta whether it would be ready by Tuesday. Datta generally do not execute the orders of his customers until they visit him at least twice as they never come punctually. Datta, realised that there would be trouble if he did not deliver the order on the promised date.
Next morning he made his first job keeping aside all others. He took the photograph and carefully placed it on a wooden plank on the floor. Then he looked for the pencil stub for marking the measurements. As usual it was missing he shook the folds of his dhoti so violently, that he upset a tin containing white enamel paint it fell right on the sacred photograph of the old great man, emptying its thick slimy contents on it.Datta stood stared at the disaster at his feet as if he had suddenly lost all faculty of movement. In his attempt to save the photograph he made a worse mess of it. He rubbed the picture so hard with a cloth that he peeled off thin strips of filmy coating from its surface. Datta sat helplessly with both hands clutching his head.
Datta had no idea of how to answer for the mutilated photograph. His imagination ran wild suggesting nightmarish consequences as the customer had a fanatic devotion to the photograph he accepted the situation with a hopeless resignation meanwhile an idea flashed in his mind. He searched all the unclaimed photographs to find a substitute for the photograph of the old man. He found a photograph which was a little bit yellowed. But the dazzling gold frame rendered it safe.
The customer turned up promptly after a couple of days. He was struck by its grandeur. Datta held his breath that in another moment he could betray the big hoax he had played. Angrily the customer questioned datta what he had done before he could open his mouth, the customer shouted, that he asked for a cut mount with an oval shape. But the mount was square in shape. Datta was relieved from his tension, as the customer concentrated more on the shape of the mount than on the photograph of the old man for whom he claimed to have a great devotion.

Wednesday, January 7, 2009

Funny FACTS

Please note that some of the 'facts' below have been proven false myths. An example is the duck's echo which does not echo (but proved that it does).
It is impossible to lick your elbow

A crocodile can't stick it's tongue out.

A shrimp's heart is in it's head.

People say "Bless you" when you sneeze because when you sneeze,your heart stops for a mili-second.

In a study of 200,000 ostriches over a period of 80 years, no one reported a single case where an ostrich buried its head in the sand.

It is physically impossible for pigs to look up into the sky.

A pregnant goldfish is called a twit.

More than 50% of the people in the world have never made or received a telephone call.

Rats and horses can't vomit.

If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib.

If you try to suppress a sneeze, you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die.

If you keep your eyes open by force when you sneeze, you might pop an eyeball out.

Rats multiply so quickly that in 18 months, two rats could have over a million descendants.

Wearing headphones for just an hour will increase the bacteria in your ear by 700 times.

In every episode of Seinfeld there is a Superman somewhere.

The cigarette lighter was invented before the match.

Thirty-five percent of the people who use personal ads for dating are already married.

A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why.

23% of all photocopier faults worldwide are caused by people sitting on them and photocopying their butts.

In the course of an average lifetime you will, while sleeping, eat 70 assorted insects and 10 spiders.

Most lipstick contains fish scales.

Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is different.

Over 75% of people who read this will try to lick their elbow.

A crocodile can't move its tongue and cannot chew. Its digestive juices are so strong that it can digest a steel nail.

Money notes are not made from paper, they are made mostly from a special blend of cotton and linen. In 1932, when a shortage of cash occurred in Tenino, Washington, USA, notes were made out of wood for a brief period.

The Grammy Awards were introduced to counter the threat of rock music. In the late 1950s, a group of record executives were alarmed by the explosive success of rock ‘n roll, considering it a threat to "quality" music.

Tea is said to have been discovered in 2737 BC by a Chinese emperor when some tea leaves accidentally blew into a pot of boiling water. The tea bag was introduced in 1908 by Thomas Sullivan of New York.

Over the last 150 years the average height of people in industrialised nations has increased 10 cm (about 4 inches). In the 19th century, American men were the tallest in the world, averaging 1,71m (5'6"). Today, the average height for American men is 1,75m (5'7"), compared to 1,77 (5'8") for Swedes, and 1,78 (5'8.5") for the Dutch. The tallest nation in the world is the Watusis of Burundi.

In 1955 the richest woman in the world was Mrs Hetty Green Wilks, who left an estate of $95 million in a will that was found in a tin box with four pieces of soap. Queen Elizabeth of Britain and Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands count under the 10 wealthiest women in the world.

Joseph Niepce developed the world's first photographic image in 1827. Thomas Edison and W K L Dickson introduced the film camera in 1894. But the first projection of an image on a screen was made by a German priest. In 1646, Athanasius Kircher used a candle or oil lamp to project hand-painted images onto a white screen.

In 1935 a writer named Dudley Nichols refused to accept the Oscar for his movie The Informer because the Writers Guild was on strike against the movie studios. In 1970 George C. Scott refused the Best Actor Oscar for Patton. In 1972 Marlon Brando refused the Oscar for his role in The Godfather.

The system of democracy was introduced 2 500 years ago in Athens, Greece. The oldest existing governing body operates in Althing in Iceland. It was established in 930 AD.

A person can live without food for about a month, but only about a week without water.If the amount of water in your body is reduced by just 1%, you'll feel thirsty.If it's reduced by 10%, you'll die.

According to a study by the Economic Research Service, 27% of all food production in Western nations ends up in garbage cans. Yet, 1,2 billion people are underfed - the same number of people who are overweight.
Camels are called "ships of the desert" because of the way they move, not because of their transport capabilities. A Dromedary camel has one hump and a Bactrian camel two humps. The humps are used as fat storage. Thus, an undernourished camel will not have a hump

In the Durango desert, in Mexico, there's a creepy spot called the "Zone of Silence." You can't pick up clear TV or radio signals. And locals say fireballs sometimes appear in the sky.

Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox, Unix is a registered trademark of AT&T.
Bill Gates' first business was Traff-O-Data, a company that created machines which recorded the number of cars passing a given point on a road.

Uranus' orbital axis is tilted at 90 degrees.

The final resting-place for Dr. Eugene Shoemaker - the Moon. The famed U.S. Geological Survey astronomer, trained the Apollo astronauts about craters, but never made it into space. Mr. Shoemaker had wanted to be an astronaut but was rejected because of a medical problem. His ashes were placed on board the Lunar Prospector spacecraft before it was launched on January 6, 1998. NASA crashed the probe into a crater on the moon in an attempt to learn if there is water on the moon.

Outside the USA, Ireland is the largest software producing country in the world.

The first fossilized specimen of Australopithecus afarenisis was named Lucy after the paleontologists' favorite song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds," by the Beatles.

Figlet, an ASCII font converter program, stands for Frank, Ian and Glenn's LETters.

Every human spent about half an hour as a single cell.

Every year about 98% of atoms in your body are replaced.
Hot water is heavier than cold.

Plutonium - first weighed on August 20th, 1942, by University of Chicago scientists Glenn Seaborg and his colleagues - was the first man-made element.

If you went out into space, you would explode before you suffocated because there's no air pressure.

The radioactive substance, Americanium - 241 is used in many smoke detectors.

The original IBM-PCs, that had hard drives, referred to the hard drives as Winchester drives.

This is due to the fact that the original Winchester drive had a model number of 3030. This is, of course, a Winchester firearm.

Sound travels 15 times faster through steel than through the air.

On average, half of all false teeth have some form of radioactivity.

Only one satellite has been ever been destroyed by a meteor: the European Space Agency's Olympus in 1993.

Starch is used as a binder in the production of paper. It is the use of a starch coating that controls ink penetration when printing. Cheaper papers do not use as much starch, and this is why your elbows get black when you are leaning over your morning paper.

Sterling silver is not pure silver. Because pure silver is too soft to be used in most tableware it is mixed with copper in the proportion of 92.5 percent silver to 7.5 percent copper.

A ball of glass will bounce higher than a ball of rubber.

A ball of solid steel will bounce higher than one made entirely of glass.

A chip of silicon a quarter-inch square has the capacity of the original 1949 ENIAC computer, which occupied a city block.

An ordinary TNT bomb involves atomic reaction, and could be called an atomic bomb. What we call an A-bomb involves nuclear reactions and should be called a nuclear bomb.

At a glance, the Celsius scale makes more sense than the Fahrenheit scale for temperature measuring. But its creator, Anders Celsius, was an oddball scientist. When he first developed his scale, he made freezing 100 degrees and boiling 0 degrees, or upside down. No one dared point this out to him, so fellow scientists waited until Celsius died to change the scale.

At a jet plane's speed of 1,000 km (620mi) per hour, the length of the plane becomes one atom shorter than its original length.

The first full moon to occur on the winter solstice, Dec. 22, commonly called the first day of winter, happened in 1999. Since a full moon on the winter solstice occurred in conjunction with a lunar perigee (point in the moon's orbit that is closest to Earth), the moon appeared about 14% larger than it does at apogee (the point in it's elliptical orbit that is farthest from the Earth). Since the Earth is also several million miles closer to the sun at that time of the year than in the summer, sunlight striking the moon was about 7% stronger making it brighter. Also, this was the closest perigee of the Moon of the year since the moon's orbit is constantly deforming. In places where the weather was clear and there was a snow cover, even car headlights were superfluous.
According to security equipment specialists, security systems that utilize motion detectors won't function properly if walls and floors are too hot. When an infrared beam is used in a motion detector, it will pick up a person's body temperature of 98.6 degrees compared to the cooler walls and floor.If the room is too hot, the motion detector won't register a change in the radiated heat of that person's body when it enters the room and breaks the infrared beam. Your home's safety might be compromised if you turn your air conditioning off or set the thermostat too high while on summer vacation.

Western Electric successfully brought sound to motion pictures and introduced systems of mobile communications which culminated in the cellular telephone.

On December 23, 1947, Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, N.J., held a secret demonstration of the transistor which marked the foundation of modern electronics.

The wick of a trick candle has small amounts of magnesium in them. When you light the candle, you are also lighting the magnesium. When someone tries to blow out the flame, the magnesium inside the wick continues to burn and, in just a split second (or two or three), relights the wick.
Ostriches are often not taken seriously. They can run faster than horses, and the males can roar like lions.
Seals used for their fur get extremely sick when taken aboard ships.

Sloths take two weeks to digest their food.

Guinea pigs and rabbits can't sweat.

The pet food company Ralston Purina recently introduced, from its subsidiary Purina Philippines, power chicken feed designed to help roosters build muscles for cockfighting, which is popular in many areas of the world.

According to the Wall Street Journal, the cockfighting market is huge: The Philippines has five million roosters used for exactly that.

Sharks and rays are the only animals known to man that don't get cancer. Scientists believe this has something to do with the fact that they don't have bones, but cartilage.

The porpoise is second to man as the most intelligent animal on the planet.

Young beavers stay with their parents for the first two years of their lives before going out on their own.

Skunks can accurately spray their smelly fluid as far as ten feet.
Deer can't eat hay.

Gopher snakes in Arizona are not poisonous, but when frightened they may hiss and shake their tails like rattlesnakes.

On average, dogs have better eyesight than humans, although not as colorful.

The duckbill platypus can store as many as six hundred worms in the pouches of its cheeks.

The lifespan of a squirrel is about nine years.

North American oysters do not make pearls of any value.

Human birth control pills work on gorillas.

Many sharks lay eggs, but hammerheads give birth to live babies that look like very small duplicates of their parents. Young hammerheads are usually born headfirst, with the tip of their hammer-shaped head folded backward to make them more streamlined for birth.
Gorillas sleep as much as fourteen hours per day.

A biological reserve has been made for golden toads because they are so rare.
There are more than fifty different kinds of kangaroos.

Jellyfish like salt water. A rainy season often reduces the jellyfish population by putting more fresh water into normally salty waters where they live.

The female lion does ninety percent of the hunting.


The odds of seeing three albino deer at once are one in seventy-nine billion, yet one man in
Boulder Junction, Wisconsin, took a picture of three albino deer in the woods.

A group of twelve or more cows is called a flink.

Cats often rub up against people and furniture to lay their scent and mark their territory. They do it this way, as opposed to the way dogs do it, because they have scent glands in their faces.
Cats sleep up to eighteen hours a day, but never quite as deep as humans. Instead, they fall asleep quickly and wake up intermittently to check to see if their environment is still safe.
Catnip, or Nepeta cataria, is an herb with nepetalactone in it. Many think that when cats inhale nepetalactone, it affects hormones that arouse sexual feelings, or at least alter their brain functioning to make them feel "high." Catnip was originally made, using nepetalactone as a natural bug repellant, but roaming cats would rip up the plants before they could be put to their intended task.
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans ages the equivalent of five human years for every day they live, so they usually die after about fourteen days. When stressed, though, the worm goes into a comatose state that can last for two or more months. The human equivalent would be to sleep for about two hundred years.

You can tell the sex of a horse by its teeth. Most males have 40, females have 36.
Money isn't made out of paper; it's made out of cotton.

The 57 on Heinz ketchup bottle represents the varieties of pickle the company once had.

Your stomach produces a new layer of mucus every two weeks - otherwise it will digest itself.

The Declaration of Independence was written on hemp paper.

A raisin dropped in a glass of fresh champagne will bounce up and down continuously from the bottom of the glass to the top.

Susan Lucci is the daughter of Phyllis Diller.

Every person has a unique tongue print as well as fingerprints.

315 entries in Webster's 1996 Dictionary were misspelled.

On average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily.

During the chariot scene in 'Ben Hur' a small red car can be seen in the distance.

Warren Beatty and Shirley MacLaine are brother and sister.

Orcas (killer whales) kill sharks by torpedoing up into the shark's stomach from underneath, causing the shark to explode.

Most lipstick contains fish scales.

Donald Duck comics were banned from Finland because he doesn't wear any pants.

Ketchup was sold in the 1830s as medicine.

Upper and lower case letters are named 'upper' and 'lower' because in the time when all original print had to be set in individual letters, the 'upper case' letters were stored in the case on top of the case that stored the smaller, 'lower case' letters.

Leonardo da Vinci could write with one hand and draw with the other at the same time.

Because metal was scarce, the Oscars given out during World War II were made of wood.

There are no clocks in Las Vegas gambling casinos.

The name Wendy was made up for the book Peter Pan, there was never a recorded Wendy before!

There are no words in the dictionary that rhyme with: orange, purple, and silver!
Leonardo Da Vinci invented scissors.

A tiny amount of liquor on a scorpion will make it instantly go mad and sting itself to death.
The mask used by Michael Myers in the original "Halloween" was a Captain Kirk mask painted white.

If you have three quarters, four dimes, and four pennies, you have $1.19. You also have the largest amount of money in coins without being able to make change for a dollar.

Celery has negative calories! It takes more calories to eat a piece of celery than the celery has in it to begin with. It's the same with apples!

Chewing gum while peeling onions will keep you from crying!

The glue on Israeli postage stamps is certified kosher.

Guinness Book of Records holds the record for being the book most often stolen from Public Libraries.

Astronauts are not allowed to eat beans before they go into space because passing wind in a space suit damages them.

The word "queue" is the only word in the English language that is still pronounced the same way when the last four letters are removed.

Beetles taste like apples, wasps like pine nuts, and worms like fried bacon.

Of all the words in the English language, the word ’set’ has the most definitions!
What is called a "French kiss" in the English speaking world is known as an "English kiss" in France.
"Almost" is the longest word in the English language with all the letters in alphabetical order.
"Rhythm" is the longest English word without a vowel.

In 1386, a pig in France was executed by public hanging for the murder of a child
A cockroach can live several weeks with its head cut off.

Human thigh bones are stronger than concrete.

You can’t kill yourself by holding your breath
There is a city called Rome on every continent.

It’s against the law to have a pet dog in Iceland.

Your heart beats over 100,000 times a day.

Horatio Nelson, one of England’s most illustrious admirals was throughout his life, never able to find a cure for his sea-sickness.

The skeleton of Jeremy Bentham is present at all important meetings of the University of London

Right handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people
Your ribs move about 5 million times a year, everytime you breathe!

The elephant is the only mammal that can’t jump!

One quarter of the bones in your body, are in your feet!

Like fingerprints, everyone’s tongue print is different!

The first known transfusion of blood was performed as early as 1667, when Jean-Baptiste, transfused two pints of blood from a sheep to a young man
Fingernails grow nearly 4 times faster than toenails!

Most dust particles in your house are made from dead skin!

The present population of 5 billion plus people of the world is predicted to become 15 billion by 2080.
Women blink nearly twice as much as men.

Adolf Hitler was a vegetarian, and had only ONE testicle.

Honey is the only food that does not spoil. Honey found in the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs has been tasted by archaeologists and found edible.

Months that begin on a Sunday will always have a "Friday the 13th."

Coca-Cola would be green if colouring weren’t added to it.

On average a hedgehog’s heart beats 300 times a minute.

More people are killed each year from bees than from snakes.

The average lead pencil will draw a line 35 miles long or write approximately 50,000 English words.

More people are allergic to cow’s milk than any other food.

Camels have three eyelids to protect themselves from blowing sand.

The placement of a donkey’s eyes in its’ heads enables it to see all four feet at all times!

The six official languages of the United Nations are: English, French, Arabic, Chinese, Russian and Spanish.

Earth is the only planet not named after a god.

It’s against the law to burp, or sneeze in a church in Nebraska, USA.

You’re born with 300 bones, but by the time you become an adult, you only have 206.

Some worms will eat themselves if they can’t find any food!
Dolphins sleep with one eye open!

It is impossible to sneeze with your eyes open
The worlds oldest piece of chewing gum is 9000 years old!

The longest recorded flight of a chicken is 13 seconds
Queen Elizabeth I regarded herself as a paragon of cleanliness. She declared that she bathed once every three months, whether she needed it or not
Slugs have 4 noses.

Owls are the only birds who can see the colour blue.

A man named Charles Osborne had the hiccups for 69 years!

A giraffe can clean its ears with its 21-inch tongue!

The average person laughs 10 times a day!

An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain

If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.

If you farted consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb.

The human heart! creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.

A pig's orgasm lasts 30 minutes.

A cockroach will live nine days without its head before it starves to death!
Banging your head against a wall uses 150 calories a hour
The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the male's head off.

The flea can jump 350 times its body length. It's like a human jumping the length of a football field.

The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds.

Some lions mate over 50 times a day.

Butterflies taste with their feet.

The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.

A cat's urine glows under a black light.

An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.

Starfish have no brains.

Polar bears are left-handed.

Humans and dolphins are the only species that have sex for pleasure.

LAPTOP TIPS


LAPTOP MAINTENANCE TIPS


Laptops are expensive gadgets made for mobility. Generally, they are not very tough, and are not known to take too well to being mishandled. If you do end up messing your laptop, even the smallest of repairs will set you back by thousands of rupees. Read on to learn how to care for your laptop. We have also included some important pointers you need to stick to before, during and after using your laptop.

Clean It Right
Since your laptop is such an expensive gadget (falling prices notwithstanding), be extremely careful while cleaning the screen. Make sure the cloth is very soft, and has no imprints or monograms on it, as these may scratch the screen. Also ensure that the cloth is lint-free, else it will leave fibres on the screen, and make the display unclear. Make sure you don't spray any cleaner directly on the screen. Instead, spray onto the cleaning cloth, and allow the cloth to capture the dirt and contaminants.

Choosing The Spray
The screen is the most expensive component of your laptop. Adequate care must be taken while choosing the cleaning spray. Harsh sprays could turn the screen yellow, and may even cause cracking. Use plain water or vinegar to clean the screen.

Placing The Laptop
Hard drives work on the property of magnetic flux, so any electrical field may damage the hard disk and the data on it. Make sure your laptop is at least 13 cm away from any electrical appliance that generates a strong magnetic field-such as a microwave oven.

Give It A Breather
If you have just shut down your laptop, give it 30 seconds before you start it up again. This ensures that the hard drive has spun down, and is not subjected to sudden switching on and off.

Data Backup
Always back up your data. Laptops are mobile devices, and are susceptible to breakage. Also, it's possible that the hard disk simply crashes. Remember, you can never back up too frequently.

Laptop Battery Care
The bane of most laptop users is the lack of a really long battery life. There are three main types of laptop batteries:
Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd)
Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH)
Lithium Ion (Li-ion).
Nickel-Cadmium
This type of battery must be fully discharged and then fully recharged every few weeks. If you don’t do this, it will quickly lose battery life due to what is known as the `memory effect'.
The memory effect means if you don't follow the above procedure, your battery will only charge up to the percentage of the last charge. For instance, if you discharge it to 30 per cent, it will only charge up the remaining 70 per cent. Do this repeatedly, and the 30 per cent will become unusable, giving you an effective 70 percent charge even though the indicator will still show a 100 per cent charge each time you charge it.
Nickel Metal Hydride
Ni-MH batteries are similar to Ni-Cd batteries, although they are less susceptible to the memory effect. They also have a higher capacity.
Lithium Ion
These are the latest type of batteries, and have no real problems as far as the memory effect is concerned. The problem with these is that they lose their effectiveness if overcharged or ­left for a long time with a full charge. Always discharge these batteries if you're going to be storing them away.

Keep Your Battery Healthy
Before the first use, charge the batteries for 12 hours or the minimum charge time, as mentioned in the manual.
For daily use, charge the battery to capacity, then run the laptop on battery power until it is completely drained (for Ni-Cd or Ni-MH batteries, this prevents the memory effect) or almost drained. (For Li-ion batteries, this can help prevent overcharging).
Don't leave your battery unused for long periods of time. Even if you use AC power most of the time, use the battery regularly to keep it in good condition. Switch off your AC adapter when the laptop is not in use. This prevents overcharging.
To extend battery life, you can try decreasing the LCD brightness while using your notebook. You can activate the `Standby' and `Hibernation' power­saving modes, too, for better battery life.

Battery Storage
If you do not use your laptop for extended periods of time-a week or more ­remove the battery pack from the laptop, but only after discharging it fully.
The batteries should be stored in a cool dry place, removed from heat, humidity and dust as well as metal objects.

Use A Laptop Case
It is advisable to spend a couple of thousand rupees and get a sturdy carry-case for your laptop.The case should ideally be hard from the outside and soft on the inside, while being a comfortable fit. It should be able to absorb shocks and carry your laptop accessories.

Keep Eatables Away
Obviously, no eating and drink­ing near or around your laptop. The least bit of water could short-circuit some sensitive laptop circuits, and render it useless.

No Hard Booting
You may sometimes be tempted to turn your laptop off by simply holding down the power button until it powers down. Although quick, this method is harmful to the laptop and could cause data loss.A hard reboot should only be used as a last resort. Sometimes this is inevitable, for instance, when Windows hangs. But this should not be a regular practice.

General Tips
Shortcuts To Success
Create shortcuts to your most commonly used applica­tions, folders and files on the desktop. This way, you can access them quickly. If you like your desktop clutter-free, you can also create custom toolbars in Windows XP.To do this, right-click on the Windows taskbar, go to `Toolbars' and click `New Toolbar'. Next, choose the drive or folder you want to access using the toolbar. You can create different toolbars for different drives and folders.This is expecially useful for sales executives who want easy access to presentations, pro and other information they use on a day-to-day basis.
Clean up The Junk
Uninstall applications you don't use. Apart from saving on disk space, you'll also prevent your notebook from slowing down.Be resourceful-keep backups of the OS, drivers and commonly used applications on a secondary partition so you can do some re­installing on your own if you face any issues when travelling. Carry driver CDs and recovery disks.

Laptop Security
Don't Be A Jerk
Don't subject your laptop to jerks and shocks. This will help avoid damage to your hard drive.Preferably, power the notebook off before moving it from one place to another.
Dusty Notebooks Don't Impress
Protect your laptop from dust. Ensure vents are clean to enable good air flow.
Drinks And Laptops A No-No
Don't place any containers filled with beverages (hot or cold) near your notebook, to prevent accidental spills.

Power Saving Tips
Let Power Be Managed By The Pros
Set the device to switch off the LCD screen, and hard drive after fixed intervals of time.
Disconnect
External peripherals and accessories such as external opti­cal drives, PC cards and USB keyboard lights draw power from the notebook. Disconnect such devices when not in use.
Suspend Your Notebook
Booting the notebook when it is not connected to a power source draws a lot of power from the battery. Instead of shutting down your laptop in the middle of a meeting, choose the `Suspend' mode if you wish to use it again after just a short interval. This will save battery and help you restart your work faster

These weekly laptop maintenance tips will help you keep your data protected and safe while on the road. Companies with mobile professionals should consider making these tips part of their mobile work policies and check periodically that their mobile professionals are completing these maintenance tasks. For those who frequent hot spots, this is especially important. It takes only one mobile professional to be lax in their maintenance for a company to risk losing important data.
Anti-Virus Updates
Checking for virus’ on your laptop is probably the most important weekly maintenance task you should do. Even if you forget or don’t have time to do the rest – keep your anti-virus software up to date. Whether you are using a free or paid anti-virus program, you have to keep that program up to date in order for it to be effective. I normally run my anti-virus updates each Monday morning.

Just as you keep your anti-virus software up to date, you must also keep your firewall program up to date. Gone are the days when dial-up access users were safe from intrusions. Remember with your laptop that you are not only protecting personal data but corporate information as well. Mobile professionals may face more opportunities for unauthorized access just by virtue of the nature of their work; make sure you don’t become an easy target.

Back Up Data and Email
Backing-up your data and email on a weekly basis will help you ensure another layer of protection. There are plenty of external storage solutions which you can use to keep your information safe. If you lose your laptop or suffer a hard drive crash, knowing that you have a back-up made will make your working life much easier. I've heard countless tales of lost data and emails that were important and not recoverable. Save yourself the frustration by doing a weekly back-up.
Last Christmas Santa may have gifted you a new laptop or some laptop accessories, but most probably he did not tell you how to take care of it. So you need to have some top five laptop maintenance tips developed in your mind before you get yourself into trouble. Here are some of the top five laptop maintenance tips to keep your laptop running smoothly: One of the top five laptop maintenance tips is that you should never ever turn your laptop off with the power switch until windows has completely shut down. The only exception to this is when your laptop gets hanged and your hard drive is not running smoothly. If this is the situation, you can turn the power off without causing any harm to the hard drive. You should remember that cutting the power can also result in loss of data or windows files which can land you in trouble. You should remember that laptops are expensive gadgets facilitating the mobile users. Generally, they are very delicate so you just cannot mishandle them. If you end up messing your laptop, even the minutest of repairs will burn a big hole in your pocket by the excessive cash that you will end up spending. Secondly, since your laptop is one of the expensive gadgets that you possess, be extremely careful while cleaning the screen. Ensure that the cloth you are using is a soft one, and has no imprints or monograms on it, as these may scratch the screen. Also make sure that you are using lint-free cloth, else it will end up leaving fibres on the screen, and make the display not visible. Please be sure that you do not clean with a spray by directly pouring it on the screen .You should always spray onto the cleaning cloth then allow the cloth to wipe off the dirt and contaminants of the screen. This is one of the top five laptop maintenance tips. One of the top five laptop maintenance tips is also to ensure that you place your laptop properly. The Hard drives has the property of magnetic flux, so any electrical field may damage the hard disk and the data on it.
Always make sure that your laptop is at least at a distance of 13 cm away from any electrical appliance that generates a strong magnetic field for example the microwave oven. Fourthly if you need to shut down your laptop, then give it at least 30 seconds before you start it up again. This will ensure that the hard drive has spun down, and is not subjected to sudden switching on and off. The last but not the least the top five laptop maintenance tips is to always back up your data. The Laptops are mobile devices, and are susceptible to breakage. There is also a possibility that the hard disk simply crashes. Just remember you can never back up too frequently.

You must also take care of laptop batteries .You must go for batteries which have long lives. There are three main types of laptop batteries like Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd),Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH),Lithium Ion (Li-ion) and Nickel-Cadmium. The batteries must be fully discharged and then fully recharged every few weeks. This gives a long life to the batteries due to the “memory effect”. The memory effect means your battery will only charge up to the percentage of the last charge. You should also remember that you should not eat nor drink near or around your laptop. Even a bit of water could be the cause of short-circuit. You may sometimes turn your laptop off by simply holding down the power button until it powers down. Though this is a quick method it is quite harmful for your laptop and can cause data loss. A hard reboot should only be used as a last resort. Always remember that downloading software and screen savers often create conflicts and use valuable memory. Laptop is a great mobile tool for accomplishing your task in an efficient manner and keeping it free of extras will let it work quicker with less of freezing. These are some of the laptop maintenance tips

Laptops are the small sized computers that are found to be portable. The usefulness of the laptops is felt in the contemporary age which is marked by the massive expansion of the information technology. The laptops are really expensive. Thus, the laptops need good care. Cleaning laptop is the primary requisite to keep the laptops in proper condition. As far as Cleaning Laptop is concerned, certain steps have to be followed in order to keep the computers clean. Certain things are needed for cleaning laptop. These things include cotton swabs, Compressed Air, soft cloth and a mixture of vinegar and water. Instead of the mixture of water and vinegar, you can also use laptop cleaning solutions. The blend of vinegar and water has proved to be extremely useful in cleaning laptop.
Before the cleaning of laptop, it is always recommended to read thorough the manual. It is by going through the manual that you will be able to know a lot regarding the cleaning of laptop. The use of harsh cleaning substances is thoroughly discouraged while making the laptop clean. Cleaning agents containing ammonia also should not be used to clean the laptops. Take proper care to eliminate the dirt that gets stuck in the inner portion of the laptops. Because these dirt and dust particles are often found to hinder the proper functioning of the fans inside the laptop. In order to clean the casing of the laptops, you can also make use of the damp cotton. But make sure that the cotton you use in cleaning the laptop casing is soft.

The compressed air is required for cleaning the cooling vents. After cleaning the vents, it is required to clean the I/O Ports. The cotton swabs are used to remove the large fragments of dirt gets accumulated in the laptop. One should always remain cautious that the dirt does not enter into the I/O Ports. There are certain other points that have to be thoroughly kept in mind while cleaning laptop. It is really needed to turn off the laptop before you start cleaning the laptop. Paper towels must not be used to while cleaning laptops. As a solution for cleaning laptops, you may also make use a mixture of water and alcohol. Ammonia based cleaning solutions are not to be used for the purpose of cleaning the laptops. Clean your laptop and ensure its longevity.
Laptop is a small mobile computer, which weights about 2-18 pounds or 1 to 6 kilograms depending on size, material and others factors. A laptop computer is smaller than a desktop. It has been unanimously accepted that the most significant advantage of a laptop over a desktop is that it is portable. But against this advatage there are a number of laptop disadvantages also. The first that heads the list is that it is expensive than a desktop. It is also slower than a desktop. Moreover, it cannot be upgraded as much as a desktop can. There are also certain other disadvantages like it quickly gets heated and the lifespan is relatively shorter. So against the more overwhelming advantage of being portable, it suffers from a bunch of laptop disadvantages also.Again it has been reported that one of the prime laptop disadvantages is the fact that it has a smaller disk storage than a desktop. The maximum disk storage of a laptop now is 120 GB.


Another important diadvantage is that it lasts for only 2 to 3 years if it is a good make and is used under average treatment. Laptops are generally more fragile than desktops. Even the life span of laptops is shorter than that of normal desktops. But the prime disadvantage of a laptop that is creating health hazards is that it is creating worse ergonomics, as the keyboard and the screen in not in the best place for wrists and eyes. So there a number of disadvantages to counter the single most advantage of a laptop. But the laptop proves to be a boon for the business travelers as they have to travel most of the time and also needs to carry the entire data with them.
Miscellaneous Laptop Facts

Planning to buy a laptop? Then you need to know about some of the miscellaneous laptop facts. Laptops have replaced the desktop computers and have gained ample popularity over the PCs by offering a number of advantages to its users. The most important advantage of laptop is its portability. You can carry your laptop to your office and can use it in your home. The portability factor has become a requirement for every individual. One major drawback of laptops is that it can not be easily upgraded. It is the main hindrance of buying a laptop. Technical as well as economic reasons make its upgradeability limited. The basic facts that you need to keep in mind while purchasing any laptop are its price, screen size, storage capacity, battery longevity and wireless connectivity. Read on to gather detailed idea on miscellaneous laptop facts. Important facts about laptops:
A laptop normally weighs between 2-18 pounds. The weight depends on on the size, material and on its specifications.
It functions with the help of a single battery. You can also use the AC or DC adepter to charge its battery.
A laptop features certain basic parts. It has a 12 inch display screen with a minimum resolutions of 1024X768 pixels. The internal hard disks of a laptop is usually 2.5 inches.
 High end laptop models such as Dell Inspiron E1705 and E1505 offer graphics processor. The processor used in a laptop are offered by Intel. It include Celeron, Intel Core, Intel Core 2 and Pentium M. Other companies, which offer laptop processors are VIA Technologies and Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
 The touch pad or the pointing stick helps to control the cursor on the screen. The touch pad is very sensitive and you can navigate the cursor by using your finger. Pointing stick is another option. You can also use the optical mouse to navigate your cursor.
 The nickel metal hydride technology has been replaced by lithium ion. The current laptop models use lithium polymer batteries.

Laptop accessories:The accessories which are available with a laptop include DVD and CD writer, printer, pen drive, carry case, headset, data card, webcam, speakers, . All these products can be bought separately. Companies offering Laptops:The prominent laptop manufacturing companies are IBM, Sony Vaio, Apple, Lenovo, Toshiba, Compaq, Samsung, Acer laptop and HCL. All these companies offer warranty for at least one year to the customers. Some companies such as Intel, Quanta, Asus and Compal Electronics have created a standard for all the laptop parts. Many companies offer you the option to buy laptops in installments. For further information about Miscellaneous Laptop Facts refer to our website laptopxl.com
Things to Remember Before Buying a Laptop Bag

Your laptop is a computing device, which makes most important tasks in your life easy and comfortable. Moreover, since this electronic device is a sensitive item, it needs to be protected from outer dangers. In order to secure laptops, the laptop bags are used that protects it from scratch and other hard substances. There are certain things to remember before buying a laptop bag. As the safety of a laptop is related to its bag, hence, you must assure that these bags are soft and waterproof. Today, laptops have become most important things just after the mobile phones. Therefore, laptop bags, like mobile cases have become some of the major aspects of fashion statement. Users of laptop bags range from students to the retired people. Hence, the patterns and styles of the laptop bags are not same for all. It is highly depended upon an individual’s choice. Hence, there are certain things to remember before you buy a laptop bag. A bag must have all the provisions to carry those items as well. So, everything needs to be judged according to your requirements.
Durability of the laptop bag is the most important feature, which needs to be judged. There are different materials used for these bags. Being waterproof is of utmost importance. This is because all the electronic gadgets are subjects to be harmed when exposed to water. Yet another thing that should be considered is the size of the laptop bag. This is reason that you should always measure the bag according to the size of your machine. You should ensure that the bag does not exert pressure on the laptop's surface. Weight of the laptop bag is also an important thing to be judged.

The anti-theft laptop bags are some of the most required ones throughout the world. Some of the known models in this field are Meshsafe m 100, Meshsafe m 200, Daysafe 200, Couriersafe 100, Commutasafe 100, and likewise. Some bags have alarming systems as well, which ensures further safety. The locks are made in such a way that no one will be able to open it except the owner.
Laptop Battery Basics

A laptop computer is a small mobile computer which usually weighs around 2-18 pounds, depending on size, materials, and several other factors. To take proper care of your computer ensures that the battery is safe and is ready to work when it is required urgently. Following the laptop battery basics or the tips the things to consider include the following:
Avoid extreme temperatures
Don’t leave a laptop outside in cold weather
Do not leave it inside a hot car
The cold batteries fail to create power while the hot batteries easily discharge. One must always use electrical power to keep the battery charged if available. You can also use electrical power for charging the batteries. Try to use the battery quite often and do not let your laptop go for long periods of time without using the battery. Following the laptop battery basics it is good to follow certain safety options: The smaller models are always handy. Hence, instead of going for a desktop replacement option, try to consider an ultraportable or thin-and-light laptop model. Usually the display of a smaller laptop uses less power. In smaller versions you can also opt for a hard drive that runs at 4200rpm and uses less power than a hard drive running at 5400rpm.
Before using the laptop turn down the lights and adjust the brightness a bit low. However, ensure that you can comfortably view the screen without putting pressure on your eyes. The color brightness can also be adjusted to suit the conditions of working. Power control is also one important laptop battery basics. Use less power by adjusting the laptop settings. Keep on using the power options to make the computer stop oeprating after a set amount of time. Properly set the adjustments so that at first the display goes off, then the hard drive stays active a bit longer and stores the system content’s into the RAM.

Always keep note on your battery consumption and also have the idea that how much power is left. For this you can use the battery power icon on the system tray or you can also buy batteries with little LED gauges on the outside of the battery itself. The battery should continuously be charged whenever you have access to a power source. If you are going for a long journey try to fully charge the battery especially if you don’t know where or when you might have access to any electrical outlets. Several other important laptop battery basics include the following important tips:
Get another Battery
Drain the Battery
Clean Batteries ­