1. Solar Power
Spain is fast becoming a leader in innovation and generating advanced solutions in the industries .The
country is determined to deepen and intensify
its productive specialization in industries that depend on technology and
innovation.
Researchers are creating novel types of photovoltaic devices that could
finally make solar power a broadly practical source of renewable energy in Spain. At the Solucar solar plant outside Seville, the light rays are coming out
of a high tower and falling on tilted upturned mirrors. The truth of the
situation is that the upturned mirrors are tracking the sun and radiating its
power onto a blindingly white square at the top of the tower creating the
equivalent of the power of 600 suns. This tower uses concentrating solar technology (CSP). Solar thermal energy is a technology which harnesses solar energy for thermal energy requirement in industries, residential sector and
commercial setup. It works by utilizing heat of the sun.
Spanish companies and research centers are taking the lead in the
revival of CSP. Its installation is quite expensive. Hence, it is effective only in a large scale. At the
same time, the photovoltaic system
is growing exponentially huge which converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Spanish companies
are investing huge in photovoltaic fields and investigate the next generation
of this technology in its large production. In contrast, a solar
thermal collector supplies heat by absorbing sunlight, for the
purpose of either direct heating or indirect electrical power generation. CSP
has until recently cost nearly twice as much as traditional natural gas or coal
power plants, and it is efficient only on large scale.
The tower
technology works on the same principle as the troughs – the sun’s heat –but
uses curved mirrors called heliostats.
It directs the sun’s light to a central
receiver at the top of the tower. The tower in the Solucar plant is also
provided by a small amount of natural gas in a rainy or cloudy weather prevents
the plant’s full operation.
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2. Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a computing term or
metaphor that evolved in the late 2000s, based on utility and consumption of computer resources. It involves deploying groups
of remote servers and software networks that allow different kinds of
data sources be uploaded for real time processing to generate computing results
without the need to store processed data on the cloud. Clouds can be classified
as public, private or hybrid.
Deployment models:
· Private cloud
Private cloud is cloud
infrastructure operated solely for a single organization, whether managed
internally or by a third-party, and hosted either internally or externally.
·
Public cloud
A cloud is called
a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that
is open for public use. Public cloud services may be free. Technically there
may be little or no difference between public and private cloud architecture,
however, security consideration may be substantially different for services
(applications, storage, and other resources) that are made available by a
service provider for a public audience and when communication is effected over
a non-trusted network.
· Hybrid cloud
Hybrid cloud is a
composition of two or more clouds (private, community or public) that remain
distinct entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of multiple
deployment models. Hybrid cloud can also mean the ability to connect
collocation, managed and dedicated services with cloud resources.
Cloud Computing
Service Architecture :
* Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
* Platform as a Service ( PaaS)
* Software as a Service ( SaaS)
Security and privacy
Cloud computing
poses privacy concerns because the
service provider can access the data
that is on the cloud at any time. It
could accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete information. Many cloud
providers can share information with
third parties if necessary for purposes of law and order even without a
warrant. That is permitted in their privacy policies which users have to agree
to before they start using cloud services. Solutions to privacy include policy
and legislation as well as end users' choices for how data is stored. Users can
encrypt data that is processed or stored within the cloud to prevent unauthorized access.
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3.Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is qualified
as basic research and development that is happening in laboratories all over the world. Nanotechnology
products that are on the market today gradually improved ones.
Much
of Nano science and many nanotechnologies are producing new and enhanced materials. The two technologies that can be used
in producing these are top down and
bottom up. In top down technique, very small structures are produced from larger
structures. The same can be done in bottom up technique.
Long
term and short term are the two main ways, which are used in non-materials. Sunscreen and cosmetics, composites clay
and tougher and harder cutting tools are the short-term ways. Carbon Nanotube
composites, medical implants, machine ceramics water purification etc are the
examples of long-term ways.
Carbon Nano Tubes have exceptional mechanical properties mainly high tensile strength and light weight.
Magnetic material such as computer hard disk which has the ability to magnetize
small areas of a spinning disk to record the information. In future the
computer chips could use the magnetic
properties of these electrons called spin which has numerous advantages.
CNT based water filtration devices have
already developed by many researchers. These filters cannot only block the smallest particles but also kill most bacteria.
Enhance nonmaterial’s from the basis of a state of the art “battle suit” is being developed by the institute for soldier Nano
technologies at the MIT. There is a guess that developments could include
materials which monitor physiology while a soldier still on the battlefield and
uniforms with potential medical applications such as splints for broken bones.
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